The actual numerical incidence of neurotic breakdown in a battle area, while considerable, is small when judged in relation to the extremes of mental and physical stress experienced by the men. The most commonly occurring neurosis was the anxiety state; next in frequency, although much less common, was hysteriPsychopathic personalities were relatively rare. 40% of the neuroses cases evidenced a markedly bad previous history before breakdown while 20% had suffered from severe breakdowns in civil life. The most important single factor of battle stress that produced neurosis was continued dive bombing in the absence or relative absence of protection; next in importance was the effect of enforced inaction under the first condition. Other factors were physical fatigue, physical ill-health, climate, and domestic stress. Treatment had to be immediate, near battle area, and simple. The cardinal factor in the treatment is rest often induced by sedatives. Other measures of treatment such as prolonged narcosis and narcoanalysis may be necessary later. Results of psychiatric treatment in the Middle East were: out of 350 consecutive neurosis cases discharged from one psychiatric center 71.5%, and out of 625 consecutive neurosis cases discharged from a psychiatric hospital 92% were returned to some form of duty within the command. Relapse did not exceed 5 to 10%.